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IME — Concurso de Admissão ao Curso de Formação e Graduação 2021/2022 — Português e Inglês (objetiva e produção de texto)

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Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) · Concurso de Formação e Graduação · Questão PRODUÇÃO DE TEXTO

Sem padrão de resposta — pratique a escrita

Texto-base:
Texto 1
ENGENHEIROS DA VITÓRIA
Solução de problemas na história

1 [...] Quando se fala na eficiência em conseguir equipamentos de combate e transferir combatentes de A para
B, os britânicos são campeões; certamente isso não foi por causa de alguma inteligência especial, mas pela
ampla experiência em organização e senso crítico depois de enfrentar chances adversas em 1940, juntamente
com a perspectiva de derrota. Aqui a necessidade foi a mãe da invenção. Eles tinham que defender suas cidades,
5 transportar tropas até o Egito, apoiar os gregos, proteger as fronteiras da Índia, trazer os Estados Unidos para a
guerra e depois levar aquele imenso potencial americano para a área da Europa. Era mais um problema a ser
resolvido. Como foi possível fazer com que 2 milhões de soldados americanos, depois de chegar às bases de
Clyde, fossem para bases no sul da Inglaterra preparando-se para o ataque à Normandia, quando a maior parte
das ferrovias britânicas estava ocupada em transportar vagões de carvão para as fábricas de ferro e aço que
10 não podiam parar de produzir?

Como se viu, uma organização composta por pessoas que cresceram decorando os horários da estrada de
ferro de Bradshaw como passatempo pode fazer isso, enquanto os altos comandantes consideravam que tudo
estava garantido porque confiavam na capacidade de seus administradores de nível médio. Churchill acreditava
que o melhor era não se preocupar demais com os problemas, pois tudo se resolveria, isto é, uma maneira havia
15 de ser encontrada, passo a passo.

Há uma outra forma de pensar sobre essa história de soluções de problemas, e ela vem de um exemplo
bem contemporâneo. Em novembro de 2011, enquanto o genial líder da Apple, Steve Jobs, recebia inúmeras
homenagens póstumas, um artigo intrigante foi publicado na revista New Yorker. Nele o autor, Malcom Gladwell,
argumentava que Jobs não era o inventor de uma máquina ou de uma ideia que mudou o mundo; poucos
20 seres o são (exceto talvez Leonardo da Vinci e Thomas Edison). Na verdade, seu brilhantismo estava em
adotar invenções alheias que não deram certo, a partir das quais construía, modificava e fazia aperfeiçoamentos
constantes. Para usar uma linguagem atual, ele era um tweaker, e sua genialidade impulsionou como nunca o
aumento de eficiência dos produtos de sua companhia.

A história do sucesso de Steve Jobs, contudo, não era nova. A chegada da Revolução Industrial do século
25 XVIII na Grã-Bretanha – muito provavelmente a maior revolução para explicar a ascensão do Ocidente – ocorreu
porque o país possuía uma imensa coleção de tweakers em sua cultura que encorajaram o progresso [...]

A história da evolução do tanque T-34 soviético, de um grande pedaço de metal mal projetado e fraco para
uma arma de guerra mortífera, segura e de grande mobilidade, não foi uma história contínua de tweaking? Não
foi esse também o caso do grande bombardeiro americano, o B-29, que no início estava tão mergulhado em
30 dificuldades que chegou a se propor seu cancelamento até que as equipes da Boeing resolveram os problemas?
E as miraculosas histórias do P-51 Mustang, dos tanques de Percy Hobart e de um poderoso sistema de radar
tão pequeno que poderia ser inserido no nariz de um avião patrulha de longa distância e virar a maré na Batalha
do Atlântico? Depois que se unem os diversos pedaços espalhados, tudo se encaixa. Mas todos esses projetos
exigiram tempo e apoio.

35 Na verdade, os administradores de grandes companhias mundiais provavelmente se surpreendam diante,
digamos, do planejamento e orquestração do almirante Ramsay nos cincos desembarques simultâneos no Dia
D e gostariam de poder realizar um décimo do que ele fez.

Em suma, a vitória em grandes guerras sempre requer organização superior, o que, por sua vez, exige
pessoas que possam dirigir essas organizações, não com um interesse apenas moderado, mas da maneira
40 mais competente possível e com estilo que permitirá às pessoas de fora propor ideias novas na busca da vitória.
Os chefes não podem fazer isso tudo sozinhos, por mais que sejam criativos e dotados de energia. É necessário
haver um sistema de apoio, uma cultura de encorajamento, feedbacks eficientes, uma capacidade de aprender
com os revezes, uma habilidade de fazer as coisas acontecerem. E tudo isto tem de ser feito de uma maneira
que seja melhor do que aquela do inimigo. É assim que as guerras são vencidas. [...]

45 O mesmo reconhecimento merecem, por certo, os militares de nível médio que mudaram a Segunda Guerra
Mundial, transformando as agressões do Eixo em 1942 em avanços irreversíveis dos Aliados em 1943-44, e
finalmente destruindo a Alemanha e o Japão. É verdade, alguns desses indivíduos, armamentos e organizações
são reconhecidos, mas em geral de uma forma fragmentada e popularizada. É raro que esses fios isolados sejam
tecidos em conjunto para mostrar como os avanços afetaram as muitas campanhas, fazendo a balança pender
50 para o lado dos Aliados durante o conflito global. Mais raro ainda é a compreensão de como o trabalho desses
vários solucionadores de problemas também precisa ser incluído numa importante “cultura do encorajamento”
para garantir que simples declarações e intenções estratégicas de grandes líderes se tornem realidade e não
murchem nas tempestades da guerra. Se isso é o que acontece, então vivemos com uma grande lacuna em
nossa compreensão de como a Segunda Guerra Mundial foi vencida em seus anos cruciais.
KENNEDY, Paul. Engenheiros da Vitória: Os responsáveis pela reviravolta na Segunda Guerra Mundial. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2014, p. 407- 428 (texto adaptado).

Texto 2

Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) foi um dos mais importantes poetas da literatura portuguesa. Criou uma obra de natureza filosófica sobre a consciência e as suas mais profundas inquietações existenciais. Expressou uma personalidade estética multifacetada por meio dos heterônimos, os quais consistiam em várias identidades que detinham biografia e características psicológicas distintas: Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis, Bernardo Soares e Álvaro de Campos, um engenheiro naval, a quem se deve a “Ode triunfal”. Esse heterônimo apresenta uma personalidade estética marcada pelas concepções futuristas e pela intenção de assimilar ao eu lírico a realidade exterior, considerada em suas manifestações mais prosaicas, ao mesmo tempo em que aquele se projeta no mundo.

ODE TRIUNFAL

1 À dolorosa luz das grandes lâmpadas eléctricas da fábrica
Tenho febre e escrevo.
Escrevo rangendo os dentes, fera para a beleza disto,
Para a beleza disto totalmente desconhecida dos antigos.

5 Ó rodas, ó engrenagens, r-r-r-r-r-r-r eterno!
Forte espasmo retido dos maquinismos em fúria!
Em fúria fora e dentro de mim,
Por todos os meus nervos dissecados fora,
Por todas as papilas fora de tudo com que eu sinto!
10 Tenho os lábios secos, ó grandes ruídos modernos,
De vos ouvir demasiadamente de perto,
E arde-me a cabeça de vos querer cantar com um excesso
De expressão de todas as minhas sensações,
Com um excesso contemporâneo de vós, ó máquinas!

15 Em febre e olhando os motores como a uma Natureza tropical —
Grandes trópicos humanos de ferro e fogo e força —
Canto, e canto o presente, e também o passado e o futuro,
Porque o presente é todo o passado e todo o futuro
E há Platão e Virgílio dentro das máquinas e das luzes eléctricas
20 Só porque houve outrora e foram humanos Virgílio e Platão,
E pedaços do Alexandre Magno do século talvez cinquenta,
Átomos que hão-de ir ter febre para o cérebro do Ésquilo do século cem,
Andam por estas correias de transmissão e por estes êmbolos e por estes volantes,
Rugindo, rangendo, ciciando, estrugindo, ferreando,
25 Fazendo-me um acesso de carícias ao corpo numa só carícia à alma.

Ah, poder exprimir-me todo como um motor se exprime!
Ser completo como uma máquina!
Poder ir na vida triunfante como um automóvel último-modelo!
Poder ao menos penetrar-me fisicamente de tudo isto,
30 Rasgar-me todo, abrir-me completamente, tornar-me passento
A todos os perfumes de óleos e calores e carvões
Desta flora estupenda, negra, artificial e insaciável!

Fraternidade com todas as dinâmicas!
Promíscua fúria de ser parte-agente
35 Do rodar férreo e cosmopolita
Dos comboios estrênuos,
Da faina transportadora-de-cargas dos navios,
Do giro lúbrico e lento dos guindastes,
Do tumulto disciplinado das fábricas,
40 E do quase-silêncio ciciante e monótono das correias de transmissão!

Horas europeias, produtoras, entaladas
Entre maquinismos e afazeres úteis!
Grandes cidades paradas nos cafés,
Nos cafés — oásis de inutilidades ruidosas
45 Onde se cristalizam e se precipitam
Os rumores e os gestos do Útil
E as rodas, e as rodas-dentadas e as chumaceiras do Progressivo!
Nova Minerva sem-alma dos cais e das gares!
Novos entusiasmos de estatura do Momento!
PESSOA, Fernando. Poesias de Álvaro de Campos. Lisboa: Ática, 1944 (imp. 1993), p. 144 (texto adaptado).

Texto 3

Lima Barreto (1881-1922) viveu em um período de intensas transformações sociais no País, marcado pela abolição da escravatura (1888), advento da ordem republicana (1889) e urbanização crescente. Filho de pais negros (o pai era tipógrafo e a mãe, professora), Lima Barreto abordou principalmente os temas e os personagens típicos dos subúrbios cariocas, cruzando os limites da realidade e da ficção. Nessa perspectiva, o conto A nova Califórnia, publicado em 1916, faz uma alusão à Corrida do ouro, nos Estados Unidos, da primeira metade do século XIX, para condenar ironicamente a ganância e a busca do enriquecimento fácil.

Sinopse do conto

Raimundo Flamel, um químico, chega à pequena cidade de Tubiacanga, no Rio de Janeiro. Anos depois, ele encontra uma fórmula secreta capaz de transformar ossos humanos em ouro, o que transformaria profundamente a cidade, até então, ordeira e tranquila. Depois de revelar a sua descoberta, Flamel some misteriosamente. A partir daí, o cemitério é profanado, ocorrendo vários roubos de cadáveres.

A NOVA CALIFÓRNIA

1 Ninguém sabia donde viera aquele homem. O agente do Correio pudera apenas informar que acudia ao
nome de Raimundo Flamel, pois assim era subscrita a correspondência que recebia. E era grande. Quase
diariamente, o carteiro lá ia a um dos extremos da cidade, onde morava o desconhecido, sopesando um maço
alentado de cartas vindas do mundo inteiro, grossas revistas em línguas arrevesadas, livros, pacotes...

5 Quando Fabrício, o pedreiro, voltou de um serviço em casa do novo habitante, todos na venda perguntaram-
lhe que trabalho lhe tinha sido determinado.

– Vou fazer um forno, disse o preto, na sala de jantar.

Imaginem o espanto da pequena cidade de Tubiacanga, ao saber de tão extravagante construção: um forno
na sala de jantar! E, pelos dias seguintes, Fabrício pôde contar que vira balões de vidros, facas sem corte, copos
10 como os da farmácia – um rol de coisas esquisitas a se mostrarem pelas mesas e prateleiras como utensílios
de uma bateria de cozinha em que o próprio diabo cozinhasse. O alarme se fez na vila. Para uns, os mais
adiantados, era um fabricante de moeda falsa; para outros, os crentes e simples, um tipo que tinha parte com o
tinhoso.

Chico da Tirana, o carreiro, quando passava em frente da casa do homem misterioso, ao lado do carro a
15 chiar, e olhava a chaminé da sala de jantar a fumegar, não deixava de persignar-se e rezar um “credo” em voz
baixa; e, não fora a intervenção do farmacêutico, o subdelegado teria ido dar um cerco à casa daquele indivíduo
suspeito, que inquietava a imaginação de toda uma população.

Tomando em consideração as informações de Fabrício, o boticário Bastos concluíra que o desconhecido
devia ser um sábio, um grande químico, refugiado ali para mais sossegadamente levar avante os seus trabalhos
20 científicos.

Homem formado e respeitado na cidade, vereador, médico também, porque o doutor Jerônimo não gostava
de receitar e se fizera sócio da farmácia para mais em paz viver, a opinião de Bastos levou tranquilidade a todas
as consciências e fez com que a população cercasse de uma silenciosa admiração a pessoa do grande químico,
que viera habitar a cidade.

25 De tarde, se o viam a passear pela margem do Tubiacanga, sentando-se aqui e ali, olhando perdidamente
as águas claras do riacho, cismando diante da penetrante melancolia do crepúsculo, todos se descobriam e não
era raro que às “boas noites” acrescentassem “doutor”. E tocava muito o coração daquela gente a profunda
simpatia com que ele tratava as crianças, a maneira pela qual as contemplava, parecendo apiedar-se de que
elas tivessem nascido para sofrer e morrer.

30 Na verdade, era de ver-se, sob a doçura suave da tarde, a bondade de Messias com que ele afagava
aquelas crianças pretas, tão lisas de pele e tão tristes de modos, mergulhadas no seu cativeiro moral, e também
as brancas, de pele baça, gretada e áspera, vivendo amparadas na necessária caquexia dos trópicos.

Por vezes, vinha-lhe vontade de pensar qual a razão de ter Bernardin de Saint-Pierre gasto toda a sua
ternura com Paulo e Virgínia e esquecer-se dos escravos que os cercavam...

35 Em poucos dias a admiração pelo sábio era quase geral, e não o era unicamente porque havia alguém que
não tinha em grande conta os méritos do novo habitante. Capitão Pelino, mestre-escola e redator da Gazeta de
Tubiacanga, órgão local e filiado ao partido situacionista, embirrava com o sábio. “Vocês hão de ver, dizia ele,
quem é esse tipo... Um caloteiro, um aventureiro ou talvez um ladrão fugido do Rio.”

A sua opinião em nada se baseava, ou antes, baseava-se no seu oculto despeito vendo na terra um rival
40 para a fama de sábio de que gozava. Não que Pelino fosse químico, longe disso; mas era sábio, era gramático.
Ninguém escrevia em Tubiacanga que não levasse bordoada do capitão Pelino, e mesmo quando se falava em
algum homem notável lá no Rio, ele não deixava de dizer: “Não há dúvida! O homem tem talento, mas escreve:
‘um outro’, ‘de resto’...”. E contraía os lábios como se tivesse engolido alguma coisa amarga.

Toda a vila de Tubiacanga acostumou-se a respeitar o solene Pelino, que corrigia e emendava as maiores
45 glórias nacionais. Um sábio...

Ao entardecer, depois de ler um pouco o Sotero, o Cândido de Figueiredo ou o Castro Lopes, e de ter
passado mais uma vez a tintura nos cabelos, o velho mestre-escola saía vagarosamente de casa, muito abotoado
no seu paletó de brim mineiro, e encaminhava-se para a botica do Bastos a dar dois dedos de prosa. Conversar
é um modo de dizer, porque era Pelino avaro de palavras, limitando-se tão somente a ouvir. Quando, porém,
50 dos lábios de alguém escapava a menor incorreção de linguagem, intervinha e emendava. “Eu asseguro, dizia o
agente do Correio, que...” Por aí, o mestre-escola intervinha com mansuetude evangélica: “Não diga ‘asseguro’,
senhor Bernardes; em português é garanto”.

E a conversa continuava depois da emenda, para ser de novo interrompida por uma outra. Por essas e outras,
houve muitos palestradores que se afastaram, mas Pelino, indiferente, seguro dos seus deveres, continuava o
55 seu apostolado de vernaculismo. A chegada do sábio veio distraí-lo um pouco da sua missão. Todo o seu esforço
voltava-se agora para combater aquele rival, que surgia tão inopinadamente.

Foram vãs as suas palavras e a sua eloquência: não só Raimundo Flamel pagava em dia as suas contas,
como era generoso – pai da pobreza – e o farmacêutico vira numa revista de específicos seu nome citado como
químico de valor.
BARRETO, Lima. A nova Califórnia e outros contos. São Paulo: Unesp, 2012, p. 11-23 (texto adaptado).

PRODUÇÃO DE TEXTO

“Oficinas de artesanato e laboratórios de pesquisa! Dificilmente encontráveis em casas brasileiras, são a regra nas casas americanas. Em 1783, Benjamin Franklin inventa o para-raios; em 1787, John Fitch faz a sua primeira demonstração da máquina a vapor no rio Delaware. Em 1877, Thomas Edison inventa o fonógrafo; depois vem Goodyear, com a vulcanização da borracha, e Gatling, com a metralhadora (...) Mesmo que existisse – e não existe – essa coisa a que dão o nome de vocação, como buscar no ambiente da senzala inspiração e gosto pelo trabalho construtivo e de iniciativa própria? Onde inspirar-se? No exemplo dos bandeirantes? Nas sugestões dos engenhos? Nas lições dos antepassados latinos revigorados pela Renascença?”
(MOOG, Vianna. Bandeirantes e pioneiros: paralelos entre duas culturas. São Paulo: Globo, 1957, p. 164. Texto adaptado)

Charge: em uma sala de aula precária, com parede rachada, uma professora de costas diz a alunos de expressão desanimada: “Hoje vamos falar da importância da educação científica e tecnológica de qualidade para o desenvolvimento de um país. Vocês sabem o que é isto que está sobre a minha mesa?”. Sobre a mesa há um microscópio.
Disponível em: https://brainly.com.br/tarefa/3377084

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Língua Inglesa Vocabulário e Gramática em Contexto (Cloze)

Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) 2021 Médio

Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) · Concurso de Formação e Graduação

Gabarito disponível

Texto-base:
Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (21).
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

"Feeding into" é a locução usada para um afluente que deságua em outro corpo d'água.

Jones Falls é um tributário que deságua no porto. O phrasal verb "feeding into" expressa essa ideia, e o particípio presente "feeding" modifica "tributary".

Análise das alternativas

A) passing: não é a expressão usual com "into" para afluentes. B) taking: "taking into" não tem esse sentido. C) developing: "developing into" significa tornar-se, e não deságua. E) rising: "rising into" não descreve um afluente.

Referência: Texto 1, lacuna 21.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.

Língua Inglesa Vocabulário e Gramática em Contexto (Cloze)

Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) 2021 Médio

Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) · Concurso de Formação e Graduação

Gabarito disponível

Texto-base:
Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (22).
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

O past perfect "had spent" indica que ele havia passado vinte anos trabalhando no porto antes da ideia.

O trecho conta que Kellett teve a ideia depois de uma longa experiência anterior, e a frase seguinte usa "had a deep knowledge". "Had spent twenty years" mantém o passado anterior e o regime "spend + tempo + gerúndio".

Análise das alternativas

A) applied: não leva "twenty years working" nessa estrutura. B) has dedicated: o presente perfeito destoa do passado da narrativa. C) had been devoting: a regência não combina com "twenty years working". D) has stayed: o presente perfeito e o verbo "stay" não encaixam.

Referência: Texto 1, lacuna 22.

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Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (23).
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

A forma correta antes de "water wheel" é "old-fashioned", um adjetivo que começa com vogal.

A lacuna vem depois do artigo "an", então o adjetivo deve começar com som de vogal. Com o sentido de uma roda d'água antiquada, "old-fashioned" serve, e a seguinte menção a uma tecnologia que já foi comum reforça isso.

Análise das alternativas

B) out of order: significa quebrado e não é adjetivo que combine com o artigo "an" aqui. C) blacksmith: é substantivo (ferreiro) e começa com consoante. D) earthward: significa em direção à terra e começa com vogal, mas não faz sentido. E) age-barred: é um termo de exclusão por idade e não se aplica a uma roda.

Referência: Texto 1, lacuna 23.

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Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (24).
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Resolução comentada

"Had once been" indica que a roda d'água já havia sido um item básico no passado.

A roda d'água é descrita como uma tecnologia que antes era um item básico da cidade, e isso pede o past perfect, que concorda com o tempo do relato. "Had once been a staple" fecha o sentido.

Análise das alternativas

A) has not gotten: o presente perfeito negativo não combina com "a staple". B) hasn't begun: o sentido não se encaixa e não há complemento coerente. D) may even trigger: a regência exigiria um objeto, não "a staple". E) might not offer: o verbo exigiria complemento diferente e é incoerente com o sentido.

Referência: Texto 1, lacuna 24.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.

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Texto-base:
Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (25).
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Resolução comentada

"Source" é a palavra que indica a origem da poluição do porto.

Jones Falls é descrito como a principal fonte ("main source") de poluição do porto, pois é por onde o lixo chega. A frase é uma colocação comum em inglês.

Análise das alternativas

A) standard: padrão, não combina com "of harbor pollution". B) forbearance: tolerância, fora de contexto. C) restraint: contenção, é o oposto do sentido. D) inception: início de um processo, e não a origem física da poluição.

Referência: Texto 1, lacuna 25.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.

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Texto-base:
Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (26).
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Resolução comentada

"Googly eyes" designa olhos grandes e esbugalhados de desenho.

O texto descreve a máquina como parecida com um molusco simpático, com olhos gigantes. "Googly eyes" é a expressão usada para olhos arregalados, de brinquedo ou desenho animado.

Análise das alternativas

A) backlash: reação adversa, é substantivo e não descreve olhos. B) offshore: afastado da costa, sem sentido aqui. D) blindsiding: pegar de surpresa, não descreve olhos. E) underpinning: sustentação, não cabe antes de "eyes".

Referência: Texto 1, lacuna 26.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.

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Texto-base:
Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (27).
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Resolução comentada

"Fan festival" é um festival de fãs, o que combina com o contexto.

O parágrafo trata da popularidade do Mr. Trash Wheel, com cervejas e uma sociedade em sua homenagem. Um "trash-wheel fan festival" é um festival de fãs, e "fan" funciona como substantivo modificador do termo seguinte.

Análise das alternativas

A) backer: financiador, não forma uma expressão natural antes de festival. C) glow: brilho, sem sentido aqui. D) silk: seda, sem relação com o contexto. E) idle: ocioso, não faz sentido para um festival.

Referência: Texto 1, lacuna 27.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.

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Texto-base:
Text 1
THE PROMISE OF MR TRASH WHEEL
Carolyn Kormann

John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary ____(21)____ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He ____(22)____ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an ____(23)____ water wheel—a technology that ____(24)____ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main ____(25)____ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel—a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, ____(26)____ eyes and its own Twitter account.

Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore—Professor Trash Wheel, Captain Trash Wheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel ____(27)____ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film ____(28)____ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”

Adapted from: The New Yorker in <https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel> [Accessed on 7th April 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 21 A 28, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE. (VALOR: 0,5 / QUESTÃO)

Lacuna (28).
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Resolução comentada

"Film crew" é o termo que designa uma equipe de filmagem.

No contexto de visitantes que filmam o projeto, a colocação natural é "film crew" (equipe de filmagem). A concordância também fecha, pois o verbo "visited" funciona com o substantivo coletivo.

Análise das alternativas

B) pack: grupo de lobos ou de objetos, não combina com film. C) class: turma, não forma a expressão. D) set: não designa equipe de pessoas nesse contexto. E) swarm: enxame, não se usa para pessoas filmando.

Referência: Texto 1 (The New Yorker, The promise of Mr Trash Wheel), lacuna 28.

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Text 2
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins

Definition

The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.

Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.

The Horse

The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.

Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.

Invention of the Chariot

The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.

There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented.

The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.

We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.

Charioteers & Warfare

The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon.

(...)

Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.

The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.

Decline in Use

The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.

Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 29 A 35, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 2 A SEGUIR.

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Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

Os carros eram usados em combate e frequentemente levavam duas pessoas.

A definição do texto diz que o carro frequentemente levava duas pessoas em pé, um condutor e um combatente, e que foi a suprema arma militar. A alternativa D resume isso.

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: o período de supremacia militar vai de cerca de 1700 a.C. a 500 a.C., e não antes de 1700 a.C. B) Errada: o texto não diz que carros puxados por burros eram usados só para caça, e define o carro como puxado por cavalos. C) Errada: o carro era um veículo leve e usado na guerra, não no arado. E) Errada: o carro não foi criado para ajudar na criação de gado, e o texto o associa a caça e guerra.

Referência: Texto 2, seção Definition.

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Text 2
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins

Definition

The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.

Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.

The Horse

The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.

Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.

Invention of the Chariot

The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.

There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented.

The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.

We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.

Charioteers & Warfare

The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon.

(...)

Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.

The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.

Decline in Use

The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.

Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 29 A 35, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 2 A SEGUIR.

Choose the correct option
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

Os cavalos foram domesticados primeiro como fonte de alimento.

O texto diz que os povos da estepe domesticaram o cavalo para criá-lo como alimento, como as ovelhas. Isso confirma a alternativa C: os cavalos não foram domados primeiro para transporte.

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: a estepe não tinha cidades nem comunidades fixas, salvo pouquíssimos pontos. B) Errada: o texto diz que o processo de domesticação é mal compreendido e ocorreu antes de 2500 a.C., e não em 2000 a.C. D) Errada: a roda foi importada do Oriente Médio, e não aprendida de quem vivia perto dos Urais. E) Errada: o aumento do comércio norte-sul está ligado à data do surgimento da palavra "cavalo" na Mesopotâmia, por volta de 2000 a.C., e não à chegada da roda às estepes.

Referência: Texto 2, seção The Horse.

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Text 2
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins

Definition

The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.

Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.

The Horse

The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.

Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.

Invention of the Chariot

The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.

There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented.

The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.

We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.

Charioteers & Warfare

The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon.

(...)

Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.

The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.

Decline in Use

The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.

Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 29 A 35, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 2 A SEGUIR.

Choose the correct option
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

Quem montasse um cavalo teria mais possibilidades de ações militares.

O texto diz que o carro não conseguia manobrar em colinas, pântanos e florestas, onde um cavalo montado consegue. Daí se infere que, a cavalo, seria possível uma variedade maior de ações militares, o que corresponde à alternativa E.

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: a tática era se mover constantemente, entrando e saindo da batalha, e não manter posição parada. B) Errada: o texto não fala em proteger a retaguarda do grupo principal. C) Errada: o texto diz que o carro foi inventado antes da montaria, então montar não inspirou o carro. D) Errada: o texto não apresenta evidência ligando a montaria ao aumento da criação de cavalos.

Referência: Texto 2, seção Invention of the Chariot.

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Text 2
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins

Definition

The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.

Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.

The Horse

The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.

Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.

Invention of the Chariot

The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.

There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented.

The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.

We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.

Charioteers & Warfare

The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon.

(...)

Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.

The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.

Decline in Use

The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.

Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 29 A 35, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 2 A SEGUIR.

Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
The compound bow _________.
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

O arco composto tinha materiais combinados que lhe davam mais potência que o arco comum.

O texto diz que a inovação do arco composto foi o uso de dois tipos de material, o que lhe deu muito mais poder do que o arco e flecha comuns. É o que afirma a alternativa B, ao falar em componentes que davam melhores resultados.

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: o arco perfurava armadura a 100 m. C) Errada: foi usado em guerra até o século XIX, já na era das armas de fogo, e não desapareceu logo. D) Errada: os chineses o usaram em guerra até o século XIX, e não deixaram de usá-lo antes de 1800. E) Errada: o intervalo de mil e quinhentos anos refere-se ao tempo entre o carro e a montaria constante, e não à duração do arco.

Referência: Texto 2, seção Invention of the Chariot, parágrafo do compound bow.

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Text 2
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins

Definition

The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.

Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.

The Horse

The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.

Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.

Invention of the Chariot

The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.

There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented.

The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.

We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.

Charioteers & Warfare

The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon.

(...)

Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.

The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.

Decline in Use

The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.

Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 29 A 35, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 2 A SEGUIR.

Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
Regarding communities in the steppes, _________.
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

Os primeiros a dominar o carro podem ter tomado terras dos vizinhos.

O texto supõe que a guerra se intensificou e que quem primeiro ou melhor dominou a invenção atacou os vizinhos, tomando terras valiosas de caça e pastoreio. A alternativa C reproduz essa hipótese com o verbo "might".

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: o texto diz que há alguma evidência de que a guerra se intensificou, então a alternativa se contradiz ao dizer que não se achou pista alguma. B) Errada: a alternativa fala em chuvas fortes e cidades vizinhas, ideia que não aparece no texto, e não havia cidades nas estepes. D) Errada: o texto diz que se sabe pouco sobre as comunidades após o carro. E) Errada: o texto não trata de uma medida prévia das terras de pastoreio.

Referência: Texto 2, seção Invention of the Chariot (penúltimo parágrafo).

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Texto-base:
Text 2
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins

Definition

The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.

Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.

The Horse

The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.

Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.

Invention of the Chariot

The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.

There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented.

The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.

We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.

Charioteers & Warfare

The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon.

(...)

Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.

The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.

Decline in Use

The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.

Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 29 A 35, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 2 A SEGUIR.

Choose the correct option.
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

Em Kadesh, cerca de 50 carros de cada lado somam aproximadamente 100.

O texto diz que cerca de 50 carros teriam participado de cada lado da batalha de Kadesh. Isso dá aproximadamente 100 carros, como diz a alternativa B.

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: o texto diz que as importações da estepe seguiram como principal fonte por muito tempo, sem falar em um momento em que deixaram de ser possíveis. C) Errada: o texto não diz que o uso de carros aumentava na Europa em 1294 a.C.; ao contrário, em algumas partes da Europa a tecnologia só chegava por volta de 500 a.C. D) Errada: o uso não coincidiu no tempo, pois em parte da Europa a tecnologia chegou apenas por volta de 500 a.C. E) Errada: a proporção citada é de até 25 soldados de infantaria por carro, número menor que três dúzias (36).

Referência: Texto 2, seção Charioteers & Warfare.

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Text 2
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins

Definition

The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.

Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.

The Horse

The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.

Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.

Invention of the Chariot

The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.

There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented.

The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.

We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.

Charioteers & Warfare

The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon.

(...)

Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.

The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.

Decline in Use

The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.

Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 29 A 35, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 2 A SEGUIR.

Choose the correct option.
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

O declínio dos carros de guerra se deveu a vários fatores, entre eles a cavalaria e as armas de ferro.

A seção "Decline in Use" aponta duas causas: a cavalaria montada, desenvolvida nas estepes, e a infantaria mais sofisticada, graças às armas de ferro e à falange. A alternativa D resume isso ao citar o cavalo montado e o uso de um material específico para armas, o ferro.

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: os celtas lutaram contra os romanos invasores, e não "exceto" eles. B) Errada: o texto aponta mais de uma razão e diz que o declínio foi muito lento, e não repentino. C) Errada: os citas é que atacaram os assírios, e o fizeram a cavalo. E) Errada: o texto diz que as importações das estepes seguiram sendo a principal fonte por muito tempo, e não que as cavalariças próprias levaram à abolição dos carros.

Referência: Texto 2 (Chariot, World History Encyclopedia), seção Decline in Use.

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Text 3
Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel
Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer

Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...)

1. Introduction
1.1 Background

The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light.

Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, ____(38)____. Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels.

Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...)

https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019.
Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335093782_Weight_reduction_of_a_carbon_fibre_composite_wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> [Accessed on May, 3rd, 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 36 A 39, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 3.

Choose the correct option.
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

Os modelos de simulação ajudam a tirar conclusões sem o custo de construir protótipos de CFRP.

O resumo diz que fabricar e testar protótipos de CFRP é caro e que, por isso, é vantajoso desenvolver modelos de simulação para reduzir o peso. Assim, as simulações permitem obter conclusões sem gastar o que se gastaria construindo protótipos o tempo todo, o que corresponde à alternativa C.

Análise das alternativas

A) Errada: o texto afirma que a roda deve ser segura e leve ao mesmo tempo. B) Errada: o texto diz que os protótipos são caros, mas não fala em custo proibitivo no passado nem em queda recente de preço. D) Errada: a roda de CFRP pesa 6,8 kg e a de alumínio pesa 8,1 kg, ou seja, o CFRP reduz o peso. E) Errada: o texto não associa leveza a insegurança, e a roda leve de CFRP passou no teste de fadiga.

Referência: Texto 3 (Czypionka e Kienhöfer, Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel), resumo.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.

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Text 3
Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel
Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer

Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...)

1. Introduction
1.1 Background

The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light.

Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, ____(38)____. Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels.

Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...)

https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019.
Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335093782_Weight_reduction_of_a_carbon_fibre_composite_wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> [Accessed on May, 3rd, 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 36 A 39, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 3.

Choose the correct option.
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

Os extensômetros foram instalados depois que o projeto inicial passou no teste de fadiga.

O resumo diz que o projeto inicial passou no teste dinâmico de fadiga em curva e que "Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges". Ou seja, dispositivos de medição foram adicionados após o projeto ser aprovado.

Análise das alternativas

A: o texto não diz que sempre foi difícil projetar rodas leves e resistentes. B: o texto diz que fabricar e testar protótipos CFRP é caro. C: o texto trata de rodas CFRP e de alumínio como comparação. E: a roda de alumínio é mais pesada (8,1 kg contra 6,8 kg), e o texto não compara custos.

Referência: Text 3, Abstract.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.

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Texto-base:
Text 3
Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel
Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer

Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...)

1. Introduction
1.1 Background

The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light.

Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, ____(38)____. Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels.

Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...)

https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019.
Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335093782_Weight_reduction_of_a_carbon_fibre_composite_wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> [Accessed on May, 3rd, 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 36 A 39, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 3.

To complete the blank found in the text, choose the appropriate continuation for: “Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, _________.”
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

A concessão "Despite the tremendous potential..." exige uma ideia contrastante: a presença de rodas CFRP e de pesquisa é limitada.

Depois de "Despite the tremendous potential", a oração deve apresentar um contraste. O parágrafo seguinte lista estudos que não geraram roda certificada, mostrando que a pesquisa e as rodas CFRP são escassas. Logo, "the prevalence of CFRP wheels and corresponding published research is limited".

Análise das alternativas

A, C, D e E afirmam que há pesquisa abundante, padrões estabelecidos, resultados ótimos ou melhores padrões já atingidos, o que não contrasta com "Despite" e contradiz o texto.

Referência: Text 3, Introduction.

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Texto-base:
Text 3
Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel
Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer

Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...)

1. Introduction
1.1 Background

The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light.

Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, ____(38)____. Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels.

Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...)

https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019.
Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335093782_Weight_reduction_of_a_carbon_fibre_composite_wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> [Accessed on May, 3rd, 2021].

PARA AS QUESTÕES DE 36 A 39, RESPONDA DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO 3.

Choose the correct option that completes the following sentence. Composite wheels _________.
Selecione uma alternativa

Resolução comentada

O texto afirma que os compósitos são o próximo avanço em rodas após aço e alumínio.

O texto diz que rodas de aço e alumínio talvez tenham atingido o limite de redução de peso e que "composite materials offer the next advance". Isso significa que as rodas de compósito são vistas como alternativa promissora às de metal.

Análise das alternativas

A: o texto não diz que não se pode reduzir mais o peso do compósito; é o oposto. B: simulação é vantajosa, não condição exclusiva. C: não há testes desde 1979 provando superioridade, só estudos de viabilidade. D: o equipamento existente seria descartado, não criado.

Referência: Text 3, Introduction 1.1 Background.

Resolução comentada do VaiConcursos.